Имена египетских цариц

Царицы Древнего Египта - Энциклопедия Древнего Египта

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Тайны женщин-фараонов Древнего Египта. | homsk

Египтолог и автор книги «Когда женщины правили миром: шесть цариц Египта» Кара Куни рассказывает: «Женщины в то время были жертвами патриархата в контексте социального неравенства. Они должны были уступать место в пользу своих мужей, братьев и сыновей.

Причина, по которой в Египте было несколько женщин-правителей, в том, что эта страна ради собственного благополучия и процветания была готова на любой риск. Египтяне знали, что женщины правят иначе, что они не военачальники и не склонны к насилию, они не задушат тебя во сне. Не то, чтобы они были неспособны на убийство в принципе, но все же даже в современном мире женщины реже совершают преступления, и у нас нет оснований считать, что в Древнем Египте это было иначе».

Египетская царица Клеопатра принадлежит к династии Птолемеев. Каждый потомок этой династии обладал своим окружением, своими ценностями и своими источниками власти. Кроме того, они регулярно убивали друг друга. Например, Клеопатра II вышла замуж за своего брата. Они сильно поссорились, и брат был убит. Тогда она вышла за другого брата. Ее дочь, Клеопатра III, свергла мать и вступила в связь со своим дядей. А тот, в свою очередь, однажды отправил ей в подарок на день рождения сверток с ее собственным сыном, изрубленным на мелкие кусочки. Очаровательное семейство, не так ли?

Клеопатра VII – последняя из династии Птолемеев. Мы привыкли считать, что она была женщиной потрясающей красоты. Но по правде говоря, генетика ее не слишком благополучна: она является ребенком, зачатым в кровосмесительных отношениях, а такие дети редко отличаются красотой. Да, Клеопатра не была красавицей, это подтверждали ее современники, но у нее было удивительное сочетание ума, хитрости и дипломатических способностей. Когда женщина поставила цель покорить римских правителей, она воспользовалась своими сильными сторонами в полной мере. Клеопатра использовала свои личные связи в общественных целях лучше большинства женщин в истории.

Что же помогло этой правительнице достичь такого могущества? Одна из главных хитростей Клеопатры – совмещение своих интеллектуальных и… репродуктивных способностей. Она, словно мужчина, порождающий наследников, упрочила свое влияние за счет детей.

Обычно в истории женщины приходили к власти двумя способами: или правя страной в качестве регента, если наследник престола был слишком молод, или же если наследников мужского пола у династии не было вовсе. Клеопатре удалось породить потомство сразу от двух римских военачальников. Она зачала одного ребенка от Юлия Цезаря и троих - от Марка Антония. Впоследствии она старательно назначала своих детей наместниками в разных частях Восточной империи. Если бы не некоторые неразумные решения, принятые ее партнером Марком Антонием, то, возможно, мы бы сейчас иначе говорили о знаменитой царице и ее наследии.

Нефертити более чем любая египетская царица репрезентует эпоху мудрого и успешного женского правления. Ей удалось спасти Египет в критический момент истории.

Эта женщина является до сих пор одной из загадок для исследований. Одна из причин в том, что лишь сейчас египтологи начали раскрывать истину о ее правлении и личности. Нефертити была изумительно красива, но она сумела стать настоящим лидером, потому что буквально изменила свою личность. Она поменяла имя и отринула свою женственность.

В период своего правления Нефертити пришлось буквально разгребать беспорядок, оставшийся после правителей-мужчин. Для этого ей пришлось использовать собственную эмоциональность. Женщина не имела ярких амбиций. Как подтверждают историки, она скрыла свою личность и отказалась от своего прошлого.

Египтологи до сих пор не уверены, была ли она со-правителем или же царствовала самостоятельно. Если верно второе, то она уничтожила все следы своей женственности и очарования. Это явление типично для женщин, наделенных политической властью.

Еще одна правительница Египта, о которой стоит упомянуть, это Хатшепсут. Это единственная женщина в истории, удостоившаяся титула «фараон». Имя этой правительницы стоит в одном ряду с Рамзесом, Тутанхамоном, Клеопатрой, Эхнатоном и Тутмосом III, который, кстати, был ее сыном, и от чьего имени она поначалу правила страной. К концу ее царствования Египет находился в гораздо лучшем состоянии, чем на момент ее восхождения на престол. Хатшепсут сумела обеспечить безопасность своей династии, а ее сын Тутмос III стал своеобразным «Наполеоном Египта», расширив империю до невиданных размеров.

Хатшепсут интересным образом использовала религиозную идеологию, чтобы упрочить свое положение. Она говорила людям: «Бог избрал меня править. Это не мои амбиции, не моя воля. Мой отец бог Амон-Ра говорил со мной и сказал, что я должна это сделать».

Кара Куни подчеркивает: «Я люблю Хатшепсут за то, что она делала идеально практически все. Печально, что в истории успехам женщин-правителей уделяется так мало внимания, а вот их ошибки обсуждаются на все лады».

Кара рассказывает: «Женщины были своеобразными пешками в мужской игре. Они были необходимы, в первую очередь, как средство продолжения династии – так, чтобы следующий мужчина в роду мог занять подобающее ему место. Простая биология помогает нам понять, что женщине труднее играть главную роль в этой игре. Она может родить в год одного, ну максимум двух детей. В то же время мужчина может зачать сотню сыновей за это же время и при этом не страдать от гормональных изменений и возросшей уязвимости. Поэтому в моменты кризиса для защиты патриархата использовалась женщина как гарантия преемственности от мужчины к мужчине. Когда ситуация налаживалась, женщина совсем не играла роли».

Что, по мнению Кары Куни, древние правительницы оставили в качестве наследия для истории?

Первое заключение египтолога: «Мы должны понимать, что если склонность к расизму заложена в нас природой, то это же самое касается сексизма. Пока мы не научимся проговаривать вслух и обсуждать эти вопросы, мы не сможем их решить».

Второе заключение: «Мы привыкли думать, что наибольшая проблема женщины в ее излишней эмоциональности, способности расплакаться в любой момент или чрезмерной склонности к состраданию. Но именно это позволило человеческому роду дожить до 21-го века. Эмоциональность женщины не дает ей совершать акты насилия, развязывать войны и заставляет ее осторожней принимать решения. Это то, что убирает ее руку с красной кнопки в момент, когда другие готовы надавить на нее кулаком. Эти женщины правили так, чтобы люди находились в большей безопасности, и обеспечивали продолжение своих династий.

Великие женщины прошлого обращаются к нам, взывая к осторожности. Их склонность защищать, их способность к совместной работе, интерес к мелочам, умение строить мосты, а не сжигать их – вот что меня привлекает. Если они чему и научили нас, так это ориентироваться на отдаленные перспективы, а не на ближайшее будущее».

homsk.com

7 ЦАРИЦ ЕГИПТА

В Египте были не только фараоны, но и царицы. Кто же они?

1. Нейтхотеп Согласно мировой истории, еще в 31-м веке до н.э. правительницей Древнего Египта была Нейтхотеп. Её имя дошло до наших времен, как имя первой женщины-правительницы. Правда правила она недолго, и в качестве регента. Историки до сих пор спорят о том, чьей она была женой – царя Нармера или царя Хор-Аха. Имя Нейхотеп было рядом с их именами в царском картуше. 2. Мернейт Со второй царицей тоже всё не просто. В раннем царствовании Древнего Египта царицей I-й династии была Мернейт. Она также была регентом при своем сыне Дене и женой царя Джета или царя Джера. Но другие историки утверждают, что она была не женой, а дочерью Джера и после его смерти наследовала престол и правила самостоятельно. Будучи первой женщиной-фараоном, она распоряжалась всеми финансами и отлично разбиралась в государственных делах. 3. Нейтикерт Последней правительницей VI-й династии древнего царства Египта была Нейтикерт. Некоторые историки считают, что именно она и есть первая женщина-правитель, так как относительно первых двух много споров и сомнений относительно их роли в истории. Именно она первая получила титул фараона. Но вокруг имени Нейтикерт также много вопросов и легенд. Герадот писал о ней, как об умной властной царице, которая смогла отомстить за смерть брата, заманив заговорщиков в покои дворца и впустив в него воды Нила. А затем она вбежала в горящую комнату и покончила с собой. Историки считают, что Нейтикерт достались по наследству времена смуты и раздора. Она не смогла удержать власть и была свергнута. А некоторые египтологи и вовсе утверждают, что никакой Найтикерт не было. А был фараон – мужчина Наджеркара Сиптах I, а имя женщины появилось в результате неправильной транскрипции. 4. Нефрусебек Нефрусебек – ещё одно имя, которое претендует на первенство правительниц Египта. В конце XII-й династии на престол взошла царица Нефрусебек и правила в течение 3 лет и 10 месяцев. Ей был присвоен титул фараона – правила она единолично. Её отец умер, не оставив наследника, что позволило Нефрусбек стать фараоном. Её правление не ознаменовалось успехом, так как с этим временем историки связывают восстание египтян. 5. Таусерт Последним фараоном XIX-й династии стала супруга фараона Сети II (династии Рамзеса II). Звали её Таусерт. После смерти супруга, она стала регентом своего сына. Правила недолго, всего 2 года. По некоторым версиям – 7 лет. Недовольство народа нарастало, и во время её правления Египет чуть не захватили сирийцы во главе с Ирсу. После смерти царицы в стране наступил хаос и анархия. 6. Хатшепсут Современные жители Египта, те, кто знает и почитает свою историю, обычно не вспоминают о вышеуказанных царицах. Почему-то и о Клеопатре говорят с неохотой. Но истинной и единственной женщиной-фараоном они считают легендарную царицу Хатшепсут. Что же такого знаменательного сделала для своего народа эта женщина? Консервативная политика Египта допускала к власти только мужчин, факт нахождения женщины на престоле мог разрушить все их представления об «установленном свыше – космическом принципе иерархии». Но не той женщиной была Хатшепсут, чтобы смириться с этой ситуацией. И она стала официально признанным фараоном Египта. Надела бороду и заявила: «Я сын Бога Амон Ра!» Соответственно, именно этому сыну и принадлежат права престола. Конечно, одной фразы было не достаточно, царица имела большое влияние среди жрецов, военачальников и аристократов Египта. Поэтому никто не посмел усомниться в том, что она сын, а не дочь! На официальных мероприятиях царица носила бороду на протяжении всей жизни. Правила она около 22 лет. 7. Клеопатра

Пожалуй, самая известная царица Египта. Она была не просто последней женщиной-царицей, но и последним независимым правителем Египта. Политик и загадочная женщина, сумевшая покорить сердца двух великих римлян той эпохи – Юлия Цезаря и Марка Антония. Ещё при своей жизни она стала легендой Египта, а её не менее яркая смерть ещё больше повлияла на романтизм образа Клеопатры. По преданию, царица велела передать письмо Цезарю, после чего заперлась со служанками. В письме была просьба похоронить её с возлюбленным, Марком Антонием, покончившим жизнь самоубийством ранее из-за ложного послания о смерти Клеопатры. Слуги нашли Клеопатру мертвой, с двумя еле заметными змеиными укусами. Саму змею не нашли.

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Фараоны Древнего Египта (таблица)

Главной проблемой датировки правления фараонов Египта — это отсутствие точных дат. Летоисчислением занимались жрецы и каждый новый период начинался с правления нового фараонов. Отсюда и большая путаница в датировках.

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